Alkureishi L W, Shaw-Dunn J, Ross G L (2003) Effects of thinning the anterolateral thigh flap on the blood supply to the skin. Br J Plast Surg 56:401
Anson B J (1966) Morris’ human anatomy, 12th edn. Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill, New York
Anthony J P, Mathes S J, Alpert B S (1991) The muscle flap in the treatment ofchronic lower extremity osteomyelitis:results in patients over 5 years after treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 88:311
Antia N H, Buch V I (1971) Transfer ofan abdominal dermofat graft by direct anastomosis of blood vessels. Br J Plast Surg 24:15
Ao M, Uno K, Maeta M (1999) De-epithelialised anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flaps for dead space filling and contour correction in head and neck reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 52:261
Arnold P G, Pairolero P C (1984) Chest wall reconstruction.Ann Surg 199:725
Asko-Seljavaara S, Lahteenmaki T,Waris T, Sundell B (1987) Comparison of latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis free flap. Br J Plast Surg 40:620
Bachtelor A G, Bardsley A F (1987) The bi-scapular flap.Br J Plast Surg 40:510
Baker S (1981) Reconstruction of mandibular defects with the revascularized free tensor fascia lata osteomyocutaneous flap. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 107:404
Baker S R, Sullivan M (1988) Osteocutaneous free scapular flap for one-stage mandibular reconstruction.Arch Otolaryngol 114:267
Baker S R (1984) Closure of large orbital-maxillary defects with free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps.Head Neck Surg 6:828
Bardsley A F, Soutar D S, Elliot D, Batchelor A G (1990) Reducing morbidity in the radial forearm flap donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:287
Bartlett S P, May J W, Yaremchuk M (1981) The latissimus dorsi muscle: a fresh cadaver study of the primary neurovascular pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 67:631
Barton F E, Spicer T E, Byrd H S (1983) Head and neck reconstruction with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: anatomic observations and report of 60 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 63:199
Barwick J W, Goodkind D J, Serafin D (1982) The free scapular flap.Plast Reconstr Surg 69:779
Bianchi A, Doig C M, Cohen S J (1983) The reverse latissimus dorsi flap for congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg 18:560
Bitter K (1980) Bone transplants from the iliac crest to the maxillo-facial region by the microsurgical technique. J Max Fac Surg 8:210
Bitter K, Danai T (1983) The iliac bone or osteocutaneous transplant pedicled on the deep circumflex iliac artery: anatomical and technical considerations. J Maxillofac Surg 11:195
Bitter K, Schlesinger S, Westermann U (1983) The iliac bone or osteocutaneous transplant pedicled on the deep circumflex iliac artery.II.Clinical considerations. J Maxillofac Surg 11:241
Bodde E W, de Visser E, Duysens J E, Hartman E H (2003) Site morbidity after free vascularized autogenous fibular transfer: subjective and quantitative analyses. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:2237
Boorman J G, Brown J A, Sykes P J (1987) Morbidity in the forearm flap donor arm. Br J Plast Surg 40:207
Boorman J G, Green M F (1986) A split Chinese forearm flap for simultaneous oral lining and skin cover. Br J Plast Surg 39:179
Bootz F (1988) Der freie Unterarmlappen zur Defektdeckung im Pharynx und Mundhohlenbereich. HNO 36:456
Bostwick J, Nahai F, Wallace J G, Vasconez L O (1979) Sixty latissimus dorsi flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 63:31
Bostwick J, Vasconez L O, Jurkiewicz M J (1978) Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 61:682
Bovet J L, Nassif T M, Guimberteau J C, Baudet J (1982) The vastus lateralis musculocutaneous flap in the repair of trochanteric pressure sores:technique and indications. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:830
Burd A, Pang P (2003) The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap:a pragmatic approach. Br J Plast Surg 56:837
Burns J T, Schlafly B (1986) Use of the parascapular flap in hand reconstruction. J Hand Surg 11:872
Carr A J, MacDonald D A,Waterhouse N (1988) The blood supply of the osteocutaneous free fibular graft. J Bone Joint Surg Br 70:319
Carriquiry C, Costa M A,Vasconez L O (1985) An anatomic study of the septocutaneous vessels of the leg. Plast Reconstr Surg 76:354
Cassel J M (1989) Intramuscular anatomy of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Br J Plast Surg 42:607
Celik N, Wei F C, Lin C H, Cheng M H, Chen H C, Jeng S F, Kuo Y R (2002) Technique and strategy in anterolateral thigh perforator flap surgery,based on an analysis on 15 complete and partial failures in 439 cases.Plast Reconstr Surg 109:2211
Cheng B S (1983) Free forearm flap transplantation in repair and reconstruction of tongue defects.Chung Hua Kou Chiang Tsa Chih 18:39
Chen H C, Tang Y B, Noordhoff M S (1991) Patch esophagoplasty with free forearm flap for focal stricture ofthe pharyngoesophageal junction and the cervical esophagus.Plast Reconstr Surg 90:45
Chen H C, Ganos D L, Coessens B C, Kyutoku S, Noordhoff S (1992) Free forearm flap for closure of difficult oronasal fistulas in cleft palate patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 90:757
Chen D, Jupiter J B, Lipton H A, Li L (1989) The parascapular flap for treatment of lower extremity disorders.Plast Reconstr Surg 84:108
Chen Z W, Yan W (1983) The study and clinical application of the osteocutaneous flap of fibula. Microsurgery 4:11
Chen R S, Liu Y X, Liu C B, Hu Y S, Xu D C, Zhong S Z, Li Z H (1999) Anatomic basis of iliac crest flap pedicled on the iliolumbar artery. Surg Radiol Anat 21:103
Chicarilli Z N, Ariyan S, Glenn W W L, Seashore J H (1985) Management of recalcitrant bronchopleural fistulas with muscle flap obliteration. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:882
Chiu D, Sherman J, Edgerton B (1984) Coverage ofthe calvarium with a free parascapular flap. Ann Plast Surg 12:60
Christ J E, Spira M (1982) Application of the latissimus dorsi muscle to the heart. Ann Plast Surg 8:118
Chuang D C C, Chen H C, Wei F C, Noordhoff M S (1992) Compound functioning free muscle flap transplantation (lateral half of soleus, fibula, and skin flap). Plast Reconstr Surg 89:335
Ciria-Llorens G, Gomez-Cia T (2001) Hand blood supply in radial forearm flap donor extremities:a qualitative analysis using Doppler examination. J Hand Surg 26:125
Civantos F J Jr, Burkey B, Lu F L, Armstrong W (1997) Lateral arm microvascular flap in head and neck reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:830
Cohen B E, Cronin E D (1984) Breast reconstruction with the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Clin Plast Surg 11:287
Coleman S S, Anson B J (1961) Arterial patterns in the hand based upon a study of 650 specimens. Surg Gynecol Obstet 113:409
Coleman J, Sultan M (1991) The bipedicled osteocutaneous scapula flap:a new subscapular system free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 87:682
Coleman S C, Burkey B B, Day T A, Resser J R, Netterville J L, Dauer E,Sutinis E (2000) Increasing use of the scapula osteocutaneous free flap.Laryngoscope 110:1419
Colen S R, Shaw W W, McCarthy J G (1986) Review of the morbidity of 300 free-flap donor sites. Plast Reconstr Surg 77:948
Coghlan B, Townsend P (1993) The morbidity of the free vascularized fibula flap. Br J Plast Surg 46:466
Cormack G C, Lamberty B G H (1984) Fasciocutaneous vessels in the upper arm: application to the design of new fasciocutaneous flaps.Plast Reconstr Surg 74:244
Cormack GC, Lamberty BGH (1983) The anatomical vascular basis of the axillary fascio-cutaneous pedicled flap.Br J Plast Surg 36:425
Culbertson JH,Mutimer K (1987) The reverse lateral upper arm flap for elbow coverage.Ann Plast Surg 18:62
D’Este S (1912) La technique de l’amputation de la mamelle pour carcinome mammaire.Rev Chirurg (Paris) 45:164
Dabb RW,Davis RM (1984) Latissimus dorsi free flaps in the elderly:an alternative to below-knee amputation.Plast Reconstr Surg 73:633
Daniel RK (1978) Mandibular reconstruction with free tissue transfers.Ann Plast Surg 1:346
Deraemacher R,Thienen CV,Lejour M,Dor P (1988) The serratus anterior-scapular free flaps:a new osteomuscular unit for reconstruction after radical head and neck surgery (abstract).In:Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Head and Neck Cancer
Disa JJ,Cordeiro PG (1998) The current role of preoperative arteriography in free fibula flaps.Plast Reconstr Surg 102:1083
Dos Santos LF (1980) The scapular flap: a new microsurgical free flap. Bol Chir Plast 70:133
Dos Santos LF (1984) The vascular anatomy and dissection of the free scapular flap.Plast Reconstr Surg 73:599
Dowden RV, McCraw JB (1980) The vastus lateralis muscle flap: technique and applications.Ann Plast Surg 4:396
Ehrenfeld M,Riediger D (1990) Korrektur subcutaner Weichgewebsdefekte durch mikrochirurgische Transplantate.In:Schuchardt K (1990) Fortschritte der Kiefer-und Gesichtschirurgie, vol XXXV. Thieme, Stuttgart, p100
Ehrenfeld M, Cornelius CP, Rossell L (1992) Microvascular bone transplantation. Developments and present concept.J Craniomaxillofac Surg 20:35
Elliot D, Bardsley AF, Batchelor AG,Soutar DS (1988) Direct closure of the radial forearm flap donor defect.Br J Plast Surg 41:358
Emerson DJM,Sprigg A,Page RE (1985) Some observations on the radial artery island flap.Br J Plast Surg 38:107
Fassio E, Ugurlu K,Goga D,Ballon G (1999) Reconstruction of a mandibular and maxillary defect with a biscapular bifascial flap as a single transplant.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57:1134
Fenton OM,Roberts JO (1985) Improving the donor site ofthe radial forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 38:504
Ferreira MC, Rocha DL, Besteiro JM, Monteiro AA Jr (1985) Mandibular reconstruction with free osteocutaneous iliac crest based on the deep circumflex vessels. Chir Plast 8:83
Fissette J, Lahaye T, Colot G (1983) The use offree parascapular flap in midpalmar soft tissue defect.Ann Plast Surg 10:235
Flemming AFS, Brough MD, Evans ND, Grant HR, Harris M, James DR, Lawlor M, Laws IM (1990) Mandibular reconstruction using vascularised fibula. Br J Plast Surg 43:403
Forrest C,Boyd R,Manktelow R,Zuker R,Bowen V (1992) The free vascularised iliac crest tissue transfer: donor site complications associated with eighty-two cases.Br J Plast Surg 45:89
Frick A, Baumeister RG, Wiebecke B (1987) Untersuchungen zur Gefa Sarchitektur des Scapula lappens. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 19:336
Gahhos FN, Tross RB, Salomon JC (1985) Scapular free-flap dissection made easier. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:115
Gardner E, Gray DJ. O’Rahilly R (1966) Anatomy,3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Gedebou TM, Wei FC, Lin CH (2002) Clinical experience of 1284 free anterolateral thigh flaps. Hand Chir Microchir Plast Chir 34:239
Gegenbaur C (1988) Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, 3rd edn. Wilhelm Engelmann,Leipzig
Gehrking E, Remmert S, Majocco A (1998) Topographic and anatomic study of lateral upper arm transplants.Anat Anz 180:275
Gilbert A (1981) Free vascularized bone grafts.Int Surg 66:27
Gilbert A, Teot L (1982) The free scapular flap.Plast Reconstr Surg 69:601
Godina M (1982) Discussion:the free scapular flap.Br J Plast Surg 69:786
Gong-Kang H, Hu R, Miao H, Yin Z, Lan T, Pan G (1985) Microvascular free transfer of iliac bone based on the deep superior branches of the superior gluteal vessels. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:69
Goodacre TEE, Walker CJ, Jawad AS, Jackson AM, Brough MD (1990) Donor site morbidity following osteocutaneous free fibular transfer.Br J Plast Surg 43:410
Gordon L, Buncke HJ, Alpert BS (1982) Free latissimus dorsi muscle flap with split thickness skin graft cover:a report of 16 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 70:173
Gruber W (1878) Hohe Theilung der A.poplitea in die A.tibialis postica und in den Truncus communis fur die A.peronea und die A.tibialis antica,mit Endigung der A. tibialis postica als A. plantaris interna und der A. peronea als A. plantaris externa. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 74:438
Hagen R (1990) Laryngoplasty with a radialis pedicle flap from the forearm:a surgical procedure for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.Am J Otolaryngol 11:85
Hallock GG (1988) Refinement of the radial forearm flap donor site using skin expansion.Plast Reconstr Surg 81:21
Hallock GG (1991) Complications of 100 consecutive local fasciocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 88:264
Hallock GG (1999) The anatomy of the extended peroneal venous system. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:976
Hamilton SGL, Morrison WA (1982) The free scapular flap.Br J Plast Surg 35:2
Hara I, Gellrich NC, Duker J, Schon R, Fakler O, Schmelzeisen R, Honda T, Satoru O (2003) Swallowing and speech function after intraoral soft tissue reconstruction with lateral upper arm free flap and radial forearm free flap. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41:161
Harii K, Ebihara S, Ono I (1985) Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using a fabricated forearm free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:463
Harii K, Ohmori K, Sekiguchi S (1976) The free musculocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 57:294
Harii K (1988) Refined microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of the paralyzed face.Microsurgery 9:169
Harrison DH (1986) The osteocutaneous free fibula graft. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68:804
Hauben DJ, Smith AR, Sonneveld GJ, Van der Meulen JC (1983) The use of the vastus lateralis musculocutaneous flap for the repair of trochanteric pressure sores. Ann Plast Surg 10:359
Hatoko M, Harashina T, Inoue T, Tanaka I, Imai K (1990) Reconstruction of palate with radial forearm flap:a report of 3 cases.Br J Plast Surg 43:350
Hayashi A, Maruyama Y (1989) The “reduced”latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 84:290
Hayden R, O’Leary M (1991) A neurosensory fibula flap:anatomical descripton and clinical applications.Presented at the 94th Annual Meeting ofthe American Laryngological,Rhinological and Otological Society Meeting,Hawaii
Henle J (1868) Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen.Friedrich Vieweg,Braunschweig
Hidalgo DA (1989) Fibula free flap: a new method of mandible reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 84:71
Hidalgo DA, Carrasquillo IM (1992) The treatment of lower extremity sarcomas with wide excision,radiotherapy,and free flap reconstruction.Plast Reconstr Surg 89:96
Hidalgo DA (1994) Fibula free flap mandible reconstruction. Microsurgery 15:238
Hirase Y, Kojima T, Kinoshita Y, Bang HH, Sakaguchi T, Kijima M (1991) Composite reconstruction for chest wall and scalp using multiple ribs-latissimus dorsi osteomyocutaneous flaps as pedicled and free flaps.Plast Reconstr Surg 87:555
Holmberg J, Ekerot L (1986) The free scapular flap:an alternative to conventional flaps on the upper extremity.Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 20:219
Howaldt HP, Bitter K (1990) Totaler Zungenersatz durch ein mikrochirurgisches Latissimus-dorsi-Transplantat.In:Schuchardt K (ed) Fortschritte der Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie,vol XXXV.Thieme,Stuttgart,p 53
Huang GK, Liu ZZ, Shen YL (1980) Microvascular free transfer of iliac bone based on the deep circumflex iliac vessels.J Microsurg 2:113
Huber GC (1930) Piersol’s human anatomy, 9th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia
Huo R, Li S, Li Y, Yang M, Huang W (2002) Microvascular structure of the transmidline scapular. Chin J Plast Surg 18:357
Hyrtl J (1887) Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen,19th edn.Wilhelm Braunmuller,Vienna
Ichinose A,Tahara S,Terashi H,Yokoo S,Nakahara M,Hashikawa K,Kenmoku K (2003) Importance of the deep vein in the drainage of a radial forearm flap: a hemodynamic study.Scan.J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 37:145
Ichinose A, Tahara S, Terashi H, Nomura T, Omori M (2003) Short-term postoperative flow changes after free radial forearm flap transfer:Possible cause ofvascular occlusion. Ann Plast Surg 50:160
Inoue T, Fujino T (1986) An upper arm flap,pedicled on the cephalic vein with arterial anastomosis,for head and neck reconstruction.Br J Plast Surg 39:451
Iriarte-Ortabe J, Reychler H (1992) Mandibular reconstruction with fibular free flap.J Craniomaxillofac Surg 20:36
Jackson CM (1933) Morris’ human anatomy, 9th edn. Blackiston’s, Philadelphia
Jamra FNA, Afeiche N, Sumrani NB (1983) The use ofvastus lateralis muscle flap to repair a gluteal defect.Br J Plast Surg 36:319
Jin Y, Guan W, Shi T, Quiwan Y, Xe L, Chang T (1985) Reversed island forearm fascial flap in hand surgery.Ann Plast Surg 15:340
Jones BM, O’Brien CJ (1985) Acute ischemia ofthe hand resulting from elevation of a radial forearm flap.Br J Plast Surg 38:396
Jones N, Swartz W, Mears D, Jupiter J, Grossman A (1988) The “double-barrel”free vascularized fibular bone graft.Plast Reconstr Surg 81:378
Karcher H (1986) Die Unterkieferrekonstruktion mit freien mikrovaskularen Knochentransplantaten.Acta Chir Austriaca 33:251
Karcher H, Borbely L (1988) Die Moglichkeiten der vitalen Knochen transplantation im Kiefer- und Gesichtsbereich.Dtsch Z Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chir 12:124
Katsaros J, Schusterman MA, Beppu M, Banis JC, Acland ED (1984) The lateral upper arm flap:anatomy and clinical applications.Ann Plast Surg 12:489
Kerawala CJ, Martin IC (2003) Palmar arch back flow following radial forearm free flap harvest. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg.41:157
Kimata Y, Uchiyama K, Ebihara S, Nakatsuka T, Harii K (1998) Anatomic variations and technical problems of the anterolateral thigh flap: a report of 74 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:1517
Kimata Y, Uchiyama K, Ebihara S, Sakuraba M, Iida H, Nakatsuka T, Harii K (2000) Anterolateral thigh flap donor-site complications and morbidity. Plast Reconstr Surg 106:584
Kimata Y (2003) Deep circumflex iliac perforator flap.Clin Plast Surg 30:433
Kimura N, Satoh K (1996) Consideration of a thin flap as an entity and clinical applications of the thin anterolateral thigh flap.Plast Reconstr Surg 97:985
Kincaid SB (1984) Breast reconstruction:a review.Ann Plast Surg 12:431
Kolker AR, Coombs CJ, Meara JG (2000) A method for minimizing donor site complications of the radial forearm flap.Ann Plast Surg 45:329
Koshima I, Soeda S (1985) Repair ofwide defects ofthe lower leg with a combined scapular and parascapular flap.Br J Plast Surg 38:518
Koshima I, Fukunda H, Utunomiya R, Soeda S (1989) The anterolateral thigh flap: variations in its vascular pedicle.Br J Plast Surg 42:260
Koshima I, Yamamoto H, Hosoda M, Moriguchi T, Orita Y, Nagayama H (1993) Free combined composite flaps using the lateral circumflex femoral system for repair of massive defects ofthe head and neck regions:an introduction ofthe chimeric flap principle. Plast Reconstr Surg 92:411
Koshima I, Inagawa K, Urushubara K, Moriguchi T (1998) Paraumbilical perforator flap without deep inferior epigastric vessels. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:1052
Krishna BV, Green MF (1980) Extended role oflatissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the neck. Br J Plast Surg 33:233
Kuek L, Chuan T (1991) The extended lateral arm flap:a new modification. J Reconstr Microsurg 7:167
Kuo YR, Seng-Feng J, Kuo FM, Liu YT, Lai PW (2002) Versatility of the free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction ofsoft-tissue defects:review of140 cases. Ann Plast Surg 48:161
Laitung JKG, Peck F (1985) Shoulder function following the loss of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Br J Plast Surg 38:375
Landra AP (1979) The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap used to resurface a defect on the upper arm and restore extension on the elbow.Br J Plast Surg 32:275
von Lanz T, Wachsmuth W (1972) Praktische Anatomie, vol.1, Pt 4. Bein und Statik, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Latarjet A (1948) Testut’s traite d’anatomie humaine, 9th edn. Doin, Paris
Lee EH (1990) Donor site morbidity following resection of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72:129
Lin SD, Lai CS, Chiu CC (1984) Venous drainage in the reverse forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 74:508
148. Logan AM, Black MJM (1985) Injury to the brachial plexus resulting from shoulder positioning during latissimus dorsi flap pedicle dissection.Br J Plast Surg 38:380
Lorenz RR, Esclamado R (2001) Preoperative magnetic resonance angiography in fibula-free flap reconstruction of head and neck defects.Head Neck 23:844
Lyberg T, Olstad OA (1991) The vascularized fibular flap for mandibular reconstruction.J Craniomaxillofac Surg 19:113
MacKinnon SE, Weiland AJ, Godina M (1983) Immediate forearm reconstruction with a functional latissimus dorsi island pedicle myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 71:706
Manktelow RT (1986) Microvascular reconstruction. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Mao C, Cai Z, Peng X, Liou D, Yu G (2002) The value of preoperative routine donor leg angiography in free fibula flaps. Chin J Stomatol 37:15
Maros T (1981) Data regarding the typology and functional significance of the venous valves. Morphol Embryol 27:195
Martin IC, Brown AE (1994) Free vascularized fascial flap in oral cavity reconstruction. Head Neck 16:45
Martin-Granzio R, Gomez F, Sanchez-Cuellar A (2002) An unusual anomaly of the radial artery with potential significance to the forearm free flap. Case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 30:189
Maruyama Y, Urita Y, Ohnishi K (1985) Rib-latissimus dorsi osteomyocutaneous flap in reconstruction of a mandibular defect.Br J Plast Surg 38:234
Maruyama Y, Iwahira Y, Hashimura C (1986) One stage total cheek reconstruction with double-folded extended latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Acta Chir Plast 28:159
Mast BA (2001) Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography for visualisation of lower extremity arteries. Ann Plast Surg 46:261
Mathes SJ, Nahai F (1979) Vastus lateralis.In:Clinical atlas of muscle and musculocutaneous flaps. Mosby,St Louis,p 51
Mathes SJ, Nahai F (1981) Classification ofthe vascular anatomy ofmuscles:experimental and clinical correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 67:177
Mathes SJ, Nahai F (1982) Clinical applications for muscle and myocutaneous flaps. Mosby,St Louis
Matloub HS, Larson DL, Kuhn JC, Yousif NJ, Sanger JR (1989) Lateral arm free flap in oral cavity reconstruction:a functional evaluation. Head Neck 11:205
Maxwell G, Steuber K, Hoopes JE (1978) A free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 62:462
Maxwell GP, Manson PN, Hoopes JE (1979) Experience with thirteen latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 64:641
Mayou BJ, Whitby D, Jones BM (1982) The scapular flap – an anatomical and clinical study. Br J Plast Surg 35:8
McCormack LJ, Cauldwell EW, Anson BJ (1953) Brachial and antebrachial arterial patterns. A study on 750 extremities.Surg Gynecol Obstet 96:43
McCraw J, Penix J, Baker J (1978) Repair ofmajor defects ofthe chest wall and spine with the latissimus dorsi island pedicle myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 62:197
McGregor AD (1987) The free radial forearm flap – the management of the secondary defect. Br J Plast Surg 40:83
Meagher PJ, Morrison WA (2002) Free fibula flap-donor-site morbidity: Case report and review of the literature. J Reconstr Microsurg 18:465
Meland NB, Maki S, Chao EYS, Rademaker B (1992) The radial forearm flap: a biomechanical study of donor-site morbidity utilizing sheep tibia. Plast Reconstr Surg 90:763
Mendelsson BC, Masson JK (1977) Treatment of chronic radiation injury over the shoulder with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:681
Minami RT, Hentz VR, Vistnes LM (1977) Use of vastus lateralis muscle flap for repair of trochanteric pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:367
Moffett TR, Madison SA, Derr JW, Acland RD (1992) An extended approach for the vascular pedicle of the lateral arm free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:259
Morrison WA, O’Brien BM, McLeod AM (1984) Experience with thumb reconstruction. J Hand Surg 9b:223
Muhlbauer W, Olbrisch RR (1977) The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction.Chir Plast 4:27
Muhlbauer W, Olbrisch RR, Herndl E, Stock W (1981) Die Behandlung der Halskontraktur nach Verbrennung mit dem freien Unterarmlappen. Chirurg 52:635
Muhlbauer W, Herndl E, Stock W (1982) The forearm flap.Plast Reconstr Surg 70: 336
Muhling J, Reuther J (1990) Indikation zum mikrochirurgischen Transfer des Latissimus-dorsi- Myokutanlappens zur Rekonstruktion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. In: Schuchardt K (ed) Fortschritte der Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, vol XXXV. Thieme, Stuttgart, p 47
Murakami R, Fujii T, Itoh T, Tsutsui K, Tanaka K, Iio Y, Yano H (1996) Versatility of the thin groin flap. Microsurgery 17:41
Myong CP (1986) An anatomic study of the radial collateral branch of deep brachial artery. Diss Med, University of Seoul
Nassif TM, Vidal L, Bovet JL, Baudet J (1982) The parascapular flap: a new cutaneous microsurgical free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:591
Nassif TM, Mayer B, Bijos PB (1988) Der parascapulare cutane Latissimus dorsi osteomyocutane Doppellappen: Freier Monobloc-Transfer zur Gesichtsrekonstruktion. Chirurg 59:793
Niranjan NS, Watson DP (1990) Reconstruction of the cheek using a “suspended” radial forearm free flap. Br J Plast Surg 43:365
O’Brien B, Morrison WA (1987) Reconstructive microsurgery. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh
Olivari N (1976) The latissimus flap. Br J Plast Surg 29:126
Ostrup L, Fredrickson J (1974) Distant transfer of a free living bone graft by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 54:274
Pistner H, Reuther J, Bill JB (1990) Skapularegion als potentielles Spenderareal fur mikrochirurgische Transplantate. In: Schuchardt K (ed) Fortschritte der Kiefer und Gesichtschirurgie, vol XXXV. Thieme, Stuttgart, p 187
Porter CJ, Mellow CG (2001) Anatomical aberrant forearm arteries: an absent radial artery with co-dominant median and ulnar arteries. Br J Plast Surg 54:727
Pribaz JJ, Orgill DP, Epstein MD, Sampson CE, Hergrueter CA (1995) Anterolateral thigh free flap. Ann Plast Surg 34:585
Quain R (1844) Anatomy of the arteries of the human body.Taylor und Walton, London
Quillen CG, Sherarin JC, Georgiade NG (1978) Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area.Plast Reconstr Surg.62:113
Quillen CG (1979) Latissimus-dorsi myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction.Plast Reconstr Surg 63:664
Ramasastry SS, Tucker JB, Swartz WM, Hurwitz DJ (1984) The internal oblique muscle flap:an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 73:721
Reinert S (2000) The free vascularized lateral upper arm flap in maxillofacial reconstruction following ablative tumour surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 28:69
Riediger D (1983) Mikrochirurgische Weichgewebstransplantation in die Gesichtsregion. Hanser, Munich
Riediger D, Schmelzle R (1986) Modifizierte Anwendung des myokutanen Latissimus dorsi-Lappens zur Defektdeckung im Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtsbereich.Dtsch. Z Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chir 10:364
Riediger D (1988) Restoration of masticatory function by microsurgically revascularized iliac crest bone grafts using enosseous implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 81: 861
Riediger D, Ehrenfeld M (1990) Mikrochirurgischer Weichgewebetransfer in die Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtsregion. In: Schuchardt K (ed) Fortschritte der Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, vol XXXV. Thieme, Stuttgart, p 39
Rivet D, Buffet M, Martin D (1987) The lateral arm flap:an anatomic study. J Reconstr Microsurg 3:121
Robson MC, Zachary LS, Schmidt DR, Faibisoff B, Hekmatpanah J (1989) Reconstruction of large cranial defects in the presence of heavy radiation damage and infection utilizing tissue transferred by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 83:438
Rojviroj S, Mahaisavariya B, Sirichativapee W, Suibnugarn C (1989) Vastus lateralis myocutaneous flap: the treatment for trochanteric pressure sores in paraplegic patient. J Med Assoc Thailand 72:629
Romanes GJ (1981) Cunningham’s textbook of anatomy,12th edn.Oxford University Press, Oxford New York Toronto
Ross GL, Dunn R, Kirkpatrick J, Koshy CE, Alkureishi LW, Bennett N, Soutar DS, Camilleri IG (2003) To thin or not to thin:the use of the anterolateral thigh flap in the reconstruction of intraoral defects. Br J Plast Surg 56:409
Rowsell AR, Davis DM, Eisenberg N, Taylor GI (1984) The anatomy of the subscapular-thoracodorsal arterial system:study of100 cadaver dissections. Br J Plast Surg 37:574
Rowsell AR, Eisenberg N, Davies DM, Taylor GI (1986) The anatomy of the thoracodorsal artery within the latissimus dorsi muscle. Br J Plast Surg 39:206
Rowsell AR, Godfrey AM, Richards MA (1986) The thinned latissimus dorsi free flap: a case report. Br J Plast Surg 39:210
Russell RC, Pribaz J, Zook EG, Leighton WD, Eriksson E, Smith CJ (1986) Functional evaluation of latissimus dorsi donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg 78:336
Sadove R, Luce E, McGrath P (1991) Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin with the composite radial forearm-palmaris longus free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 88:209
Sadove R, Sengenzer M, McRoberts J, Wells M (1993) One stage total penile reconstruction with a free sensate osteocutaneous fibula flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 92:1314
Saijo M (1978) The vascular territories ofthe dorsal trunk:a reappraisal for potential donor sites. Br J Plast Surg 31:200
Salbian AH, Tesoro VR, Wood DL (1983) Staged transfer of a microvascular latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap using saphenous vein grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 71:543
Sanders R, Mayou BJ (1979) A new vascularized bone graft transferred by microvascular anastomoses as a free flap. Br J Plast Surg 36:787
Sasaki K, Nozaki M, Aiba H, Isono N (2000) A rare variant of the radial artery:clinical considerations in raising a radial forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 53:445
Satoh K,Le Vanvic M,Matsui A (1988) Peroneal flaps with or without vascularized fibular bone graft in reconstruction of the lower limb. Chir Plast Esth 33:119
Satoh K, Ohkubo F, Tojima Y (1991) A variation ofthe vascular pedicle ofthe latissimus dorsi muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 88:1081
Scheker LR, Kleinert HE, Hanel DP (1987) Lateral arm composite tissue transfer to ipsilateral hand defects. J Hand Surg 12:665
Schlenz I, Korak KJ, Kunstfeld R, Vinzenz K, Plenk H Jr, Holle J (2001) The dermis – prelaminated scapula flap for reconstructions of the hard palate and the alveolar ridge:a clinical and histological evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1519
Schmelzle R (1986) Das gefa Sgestielte Beckenkammtransplantat und seine Anwendung im Kieferbereich. Handchirurgie 18:376
Schoofs M (1988) The value of the lateral lower leg skin flap in distal cover of the lower limbs. Ann Chir Plast Esth 33:273
Schusterman MA, Acland RD, Banis JC, Beppu M (1983) The lateral arm flap: an experimental and clinical study. In: Williams HC (ed) Transactions of the VIII International Congress of Plastic Surgery, Montreal
Schusterman MA, Reece GP, Miller MJ, Harris S (1992) The osteocutaneous free fibula flap: is the skin paddle reliable? Plast Reconstr Surg 90:787
Seitz A, Papp S, Papp C, Maurer H (1999) The anatomy ofthe angular branch of the thoracodorsal artery. Cells Tissues Organs 164:227
Sekiguchi J, Kobayashi S, Ohmori K (1993) Use ofthe osteocutaneous free scapular flap on the lower extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 91:103
Serra JM, Paloma V, Mesa F, Ballesteros A (1991) The vascularized fibula graft in mandibular reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:244
Shaw WW, Hidalgo DA (1987) Microsurgery in trauma.Futura,Mount Kisco,New York.
Shenaq SM (1987) Pretransfer expansion of a sensate lateral arm free flap.Ann Plast Surg 19:558
Shesol BF, Clarke JS (1980) Intrathoracic application of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 66:842
Shestak KC, Schusterman MA,Jones NF,Johnson JT (1988) Immediate microvascular reconstruction ofcombined palatal and midfacial defects using soft tissue only. Microsurgery 9:128
Shindo M,Fong BP,Funk GF,Karnell LH (2000) The fibula osteocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction:a critical evaluation of donor site morbidity.Arch. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:1467
Sieh SJ,Chiu HY,Yu JC,Pan SC,Tsai ST,Shen CL (2000) Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction ofhead and neck defects following cancer ablation.Plast Reconstr Surg 105:2349
Silverberg B,Banis JC,Acland R (1985) Mandibular reconstruction with microvascular bone transfer.Am J Surg 150:440
Silverton JS,Nahai F,Jurkiewicz MJ (1978) The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to replace a defect on upper arm.Br J Plast Surg 31:29
Small JO, Millar R (1985) The radial forearm flap:an anomaly of the radial artery. Br J Plast Surg 38:501
Song R, Gao Y (1982) The forearm flap.Clin Plast Surg 9:21
Song RS, Song Y, Yu Y,Song Y (1982) The upper arm free flap.Clin Plast Surg 9:27
Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL (1984) The free thigh flap:a new flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg 37:149
Soutar DS, Schelier L, Tanner N, McGregor I (1983) The radial forearm flap:a versatile method for intraoral reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 36:1
Soutar DS, Tanner SB (1984) The radial forearm flap in the management ofsoft tissue injuries of the hand. Br J Plast Surg 37:18
Soutar DS, McGregor IA (1986) The radial forearm flap for intraoral reconstruction:the experience of 60 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 78:1
Soutar DS, Widdowson WP (1986) Immediate reconstruction of the mandible using a vascularized segment of the radius. Head Neck Surg 39:176
Stock W, Stock M (1983) Der osteokutane Unterarmlappen. Hand chirurgie 15:49
Stranc MF, Globerman DY (1989) Accidental reinnervation as a complication of latissimus dorsi free flap to the face and scalp. Br J Plast Surg 42:341
Strauch B,Yu HL (1993) Atlas of microvascular surgery. Thieme Medical Publishers, New York
Swanson E, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT (1990) The radial forearm flap:reconstructive applications and donor-site defects in 35 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:258
Swartz WM, Banis JC, Newton ED, Ramasastry SS, Jones NF, Acland R (1986) The osteocutaneous scapular flap for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 77:530
Swartz WM,Ramasastry SS,McGil JR,Noonan JD (1987) Distally based vastus lateralis flap for coverage of wounds about the knee. Plast Reconstr Surg 80:255
Takada K, Sugata T, Yoshiga K, Miyamoto Y (1987) Total upper lip reconstruction using a free radial forearm flap incorporating the brachioradialis muscle:report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45:959
Tansini I (1896) Nuovo processo per l’amputazione della mammaella per cancere. Riforma Med 12:3
Taylor GI, Daniel RK (1975) The anatomy of several free-flap donor sites. Plast Reconstr Surg 56:243
Taylor GI, Miller G, Ham F (1975) The free vascularized bone graft:a clinical extension of microvascular technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 55:533
Taylor GI, Watson N (1978) One-stage repair of compound leg defects with revascularized flaps of groin skin and iliac bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 61:494
Taylor GI, Townsend P, Cortlett R (1979) Superiority of the deep circumflex iliac vessels as the supply for free groin flap. Experimental work. Plast Reconstr Surg 64:595
Taylor GI (1982) Reconstruction of the mandible with free composite iliac bone grafts. Ann Plast Surg 9:361
Taylor GI (1983) The current status offree vascularized bone grafts. Clin Plast Surg 10:185
Teot L, Bosse JP, Moufarrage R, Papillon J, Bearegard G (1981) The scapular crest pedicled bone graft. Int J Microsurg 3:257
Thoma A, Archibald S, Jackson S, Young J (1994) Surgical patterns of venous drainage of the free forearm flap in head and neck reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:54
Timmons MJ (1984) William Harvey revisited: reverse flow through the valves of forearm veins. Lancet 2:394
Tobin G, Schusterman MA, Peterson G (1981) The intramuscular neurovascular anatomy ofthe latissimus dorsi muscle:the basis for splitting the flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 67:637
Tolhurst DE, Haeseker B (1982) Fasciocutaneous flaps in the axillary region. Br J Plast Surg 35:430
van Twisk R, Pavlov PW, Sonnenveld J (1988) Reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects with free fibula transfer. Ann Plast Surg 21:555
Upton J, Albin RE, Mulliken JB, Murray JE (1992) The use of scapular and parascapular flaps for cheek reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 90:959
Urbaniak JR, Koman LA, Goldner RD, Armstrong NB, Nunley JA (1982) The vascularized cutaneous scapular flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:772
Urken ML,Vickery C,Weinberg H,Buchbinder D (1989) The internal oblique-iliac crest osseomyocutaneous free flap in oromandibular reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 115:339
Urken ML, Vickery C, Weinberg H, Buchbinder D, Biller HF (1989) The internal oblique-iliac crest osseomyocutaneous microvascular free flap in head and neck reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 5:203
Urken ML, Weinberg H, Vickery C, Biller HF (1990) The neurofasciocutaneous radial forearm flap in head and neck reconstruction:a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 100:161
Urken ML (1992) Discussion:the osteocutaneous free fibula flap:is the skin paddle reliable? Plast Reconstr Surg 90:787
Urken ML, Cheney ML, Sullivan MJ,Biller HF (1990) Atlas ofregional and free flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Raven Press, New York
Villaret DB, Futran NA (2003) The indications and outcomes in the use ofosteocutaneous radial forearm free flap. Head Neck 25:475
Waterhouse N, Healy C (1990) The versatility ofthe lateral arm flap. Br J Plast Surg 43:398
Watson S, Craig P, Orton C (1979) The free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 64:299
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff MS (1986) Fibular osteoseptocutaneous flap:anatomic study and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg 78:191
Wei FC, Seah C, Tsai Y, Liu S, Tsai M (1994) Fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap for reconstruction of composite manibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:294
Wei FC, Jain V, Celik N, Chen HC, Chuang DC. Lin CH (2002) Have we found the ideal soft-tissue flap? An experience with 672 anterolateral thigh flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:2227
Williams LP, Warwick R (1980) Gray’s anatomy. 36th edn. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh London Melburne New York
Wolff KD, Grundmann A (1992) The free vastus lateralis flap: an anatomic study with case reports. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:469
Wolff KD, Metelmann HR (1992) Applications of the lateral vastus muscle flap. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 21:215
Wolff KD (1993) The supramalleolar flap based on septocutaneous perforators from the peroneal vessels for intraoral soft tissue replacement. Br J Plast Surg 46:151
Wolff KD, Howaldt HP (1995) Three years of experience with the free vastus lateralis flap: An analysis of 30 consecutive reconstructions in maxillofacial surgery. Ann Plast Surg 34:35
Wolff KD, Dienemann D, Hoffmeister B (1995) Intraoral defect coverage with free muscle flaps. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53:680
Wolff KD, Stellmach R (1995) The osteoseptocutaneous or purely septocutaneous peroneal flap with a supramalleolar skin paddle. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:38
Wolff KD, Herzog K, Ervens J, Hoffmeister B (1996) Experience with the osteocutaneous fibula flap: an analysis of 24 consecutive reconstructions of composite mandibular defects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 24:330
Wolff KD, Ervens J, Hoffmeister B (1996) Improvement ofthe radial forearm donor site by prefabrication of fascial-split-thickness skin grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:358
Wolff KD (1998) Indications of the vastus lateralis flap in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36:358
Wolff KD, Plath T, Frege J, Hoffmeister B (2000) Primary thinning and de-epithelialization of microsurgical transplants from the lateral thigh. Mund-Kiefer-GesichtsChir 4:88
Wolff KD, Holzle F, Nolte D (2004) Perforator flaps from the lateral lower leg for intraoral reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:107
Yamada A, Harii K, Itoh Y, Kikawada T, Miyashita H (1993) Reconstruction of the cervical trachea with a free forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 46:32
Yang G, Chen B, Gao Y, Liu X, Li J, Jiang S, He S (1981) Forearm free skin transplantation. Natl Med J China 61:139
Yang JY, Tsai FC, Chana JS, Chuang SS, Chang SY, Huang WC (2002) Use offree thin anterolateral thigh flaps combined with cervicoplasty for reconstruction of postburn anterior cervical contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:39
Yokoo S, Komori T, Furudoi S, Umeda M, Nomura T, Tahara S (2001) Rare variant of the intrasoleus musculocutaneous perforator:clinical considerations in raising a free peroneal osteocutaneous flap. J Reconstr Microsurg 17:225
Yoshimura M, Imura S, Shimamura K, Yamauchi S, Nomura S (1984) Peroneal flap for reconstruction in the extremity: preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 74:402
Yoshimura M, Shimada T, Matsuda M, Hosokawa M, Imura S (1989) Double peroneal free flap for multiple skin defects of the hand. Br J Plast Surg 42:715
Yoshimura M, Shimada T, Hosokawa M (1990) The vasculature ofthe peroneal tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:917
Zhou G, Qiao Q, Chen GY, Ling YC, Swift R (1991) Clinical experience and surgical anatomy of 32 anterolateral thigh flap transplantations.Br J Plast Surg 44:91
Zhou Y, Chen L, Hu S, Gu Y (2002) Brachial plexus injury after transfer offree latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Chin J Traumatol 5:254
